help! question about US passport

I had to live right after my naturalization ceremony for work to another country. I couldn't apply for passport (not enough time, and i don't live close to any regional passport office, where they can give you one right away).
So my question, can i apply for passport in the us consulate in the country i am right now? I am staying for awhile and i cannot come back to the states to do this or wait in there for a passport.

Of course you can, but there is a possibility you might get into trouble for not having used a US passport when leaving the country. US citizens are required to use a US passport when entering and leaving US territory. I'm afraid I have no idea what the consequences are likely to be. Nothing too serious, I would expect, but this is just my personal opinion.